The 2014 2016 ebola virus disease evd outbreak in west africa was of unprecedented magnitude with a total of 28,616 suspected, probable, and confirmed cases reported in guinea, liberia, and. The recent ebola virus ebov outbreak in west africa was the deadliest ebov epidemic in history, highlighting the need for a safe and efficacious treatment against ebov disease evd. Gire and colleagues suspected a mutation rate higher than this figure during the outbreak after analysis of 99 ebola virus sequences, and. Ebola virus epidemiology, transmission, and evolution during seven months in sierra leone dj park, g dudas, s wohl, a goba, slm whitmer, kg andersen. Clinical features and viral kinetics in a rapidly cured. Ebola crisis the story in brief world news the guardian. However, on june 29, 2015, a postmortem diagnosis of ebola was made for a 17yearold boy, and 5 other cases were subsequently confirmed, but no further spread was noted. Mar, 2015 during the medical emergency caused by the ebola virus outbreak in west africa, routine childhood vaccination programs have been suspended. In particular, the generic term ebola virus is widely used to refer specifically to members of the species zaire ebolavirus. Under these programs, employees may donate their vacation, sick, or personal leave in exchange for employer cash payments made before january 1, 2016, to qualified taxexempt organizations providing relief.
The 20142015 ebola virus disease ebola epidemic has been the largest on record, with 17,401 cases and 6,482 deaths reported in sierra leone and guinea alone, from january 2014 through august 30, 2015. Sep 23, 2015 liberia was declared free of ebola virus transmission in the human population on 3 september 2015, 42 days after the countrys last laboratoryconfirmed case completed treatment and was confirmed as evdnegative. The mental health effects of evd on survivors and other family and community members is similarly profound. The 2014 ebola epidemic is the most prominent in history, affecting aerial several countries. It most commonly affects people and nonhuman primates, such as monkeys, chimpanzees, and gorillas. This issue of the ecdc communicable disease threats report cdtr covers the period 7 june 2015, and includes updates on diphtheria, west nile virus, mers, ebola virus, polio, avian influenza communicable disease threats report, june 2015 en pdf 3. Clinical management of ebola virus disease in the united. Pdf ebola virus was first discovered in 1976,who reports 24 outbreaks,28,633 cases and 11,315 deaths in the recent outbreak. In this report, the clinical presentation of 37 patients with confirmed evd in guinea. It contains information on the west saharan response to ebola as well as highlights from the field in west africa from dr. A previous study by mcelroy et alin 4 ebola virus disease survivors demonstrated that there were activated. International health regulations, ebola, and emerging.
And the largest ebola outbreak in history is currently spinning out of control in west africa. Currently, there are evd outbreaks in several western african nations, including guinea, liberia, sierra leone and parts of nigeria. Lack of protection against ebola virus from chloroquine in mice and hamsters pdf 877 kb 3 pages d. Communicable disease threats report, 31 may 6 june 2015, week 23 surveillance report 5 jun 2015 this issue of the ecdc communicable disease threat report cdtr covers the period 31 may 6 june 2015, and includes updates on diphtheria, west nile virus, ebola virus, mers, chikungunya, dengue, polio and avian influenza. Reduced vaccination and the risk of measles and other. Search european centre for disease prevention and control. Research on the use of existing compounds and the development of novel therapeutics against evd has been ongoing since the initial 1976 outbreak, but progress in drug development has accelerated over the past 1015 years. In march 2014, an outbreak of ebola virus ebola arose in western africa. Since the beginning of 2014, some cases of ebola virus infection have been reported in several subsaharan african countries. Ebola virus disease evd general information what is ebola virus disease. But, in april 2015, 30 people are still contracting ebola every week, and we still dont know the causes of all new. According to the latest world health organization update on february 18, 2015 2, a total of 23,253 confirmed, probable, and suspected cases of ebola and 9,380 ebola related deaths had been reported as of february 15 from the three west african countries guinea, liberia, and sierra leone where ebola virus transmission has been widespread and intense. Research conducted following the aftermath of the 20 to 2016 west african ebola virus disease evd epidemic reported the prevalence of uveitis within survivors during the convalescent period was between % and 34%.
The western african ebola virus epidemic 202016 was the most widespread outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in historycausing major loss of life and socioeconomic disruption in the region, mainly in guinea, liberia and sierra leone. Over the same period, transmission of the virus has been geographically confined to several small areas in western guinea and sierra leone, marking a transition to a distinct. Key messages ebola virus disease, west africa updated october 9, 2014. Ebola virus ebov belongs to the filoviridae family and is responsible for a severe disease characterized by the sudden onset of fever and malaise accompanied by other nonspecific signs and symptoms. Evolving longitudinal retinal observations in a cohort of. The natural and human history of a deadly virus is a very interesting behindthescenes look at the quest to find the host animal carrying this devastating virus. Ebola virus disease epidemic west africa, february 2015. Ebola virus disease sierra leone and guinea, august 2015. The investigation identified only one epidemiologic link to ebola. Ten months later, on may 9, 2015, who declared liberia free of ebola virus transmission. Ebola is a viral illness of which the initial symptoms can include a sudden fever, intense weakness, muscle pain and a sore throat, according to the world health organization who. Ebola virus disease evd is a severe, often fatal, viral disease. The ebola virus disease evd epidemic in west africa had resulted in more than 28,600 reported cases and more than 11,300 deaths through december 2015.
This brief book is a product of sections of his 2012 book spillover and recent events. In march 2014, the largest ebola outbreak in history exploded across west africa. The magnitude of the 202016 ebola virus disease evd epidemic enabled an unprecedented number of viral mutations to occur over successive humantohuman transmission events, increasing the probability that adaptation to the human host occurred during the outbreak. Ebola virus disease among children in west africa to the editor. Anti ebola therapy for patients with ebola virus disease. The massive outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa between 20 and 2016 resulted in intense efforts to evaluate the efficacy of several specific countermeasures developed through years of preclinical work, including the first clinical trials for therapeutics and vaccines. West africa experienced the biggest outbreak of the ebola virus ever known, causing thousands of. Ebola virus disease evd outbreak in guinea, liberia, and sierra leone. The natural and human history of a deadly virus by. Chughtai, helping to solve the primary question of whats next and aiding in. On march 20, 2015, 30 days after the most recent confirmed ebola virus disease ebola patient in liberia was isolated, ebola was laboratory confirmed in a woman in monrovia. Ebola virus, ebola virus project report and prevention. Physicians with doctors without borders record their interactions with ebola patients in west africa.
Patients with the disease, which appeared first in southern sudan in june 1976, presented with influenzalike symptoms including headache, fever, and myalgias and rapidly progressed to a more severe illness characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, chest pains, and hemorrhage. View abstract cite this article email this article the antimalarial drug chloroquine has been suggested as a treatment for ebola virus infection. Case incidence has remained below 10 cases per week since the end of july this year. Each species of the genus ebolavirus has one member virus, and four of these cause ebola virus disease evd in humans, a type of hemorrhagic fever having a very high case fatality rate. The ebov first attacks macrophages and dendritic immune. Ebola outbreak of 201416, also called 2014 ebola outbreak in west africa or ebola outbreak of 2014, outbreak of ebola virus disease that ravaged countries in western africa in 201416 and was noted for its unprecedented magnitude. This progress is the result of remarkable contributions by numerous actors who have implemented their assistance in a flexible yet strategic manner. The current evd outbreak in the democratic republic of the congo demonstrates the need to understand lessons learned from previous outbreaks and to update. There were 2 confirmed cases of ebola virus disease evd reported in the week to 20 september, both of which were in guinea. Cdc issues level 3 travel warnings for west africa. The current 20142015 ebola virus ebov outbreak is among the most significant global health threats in recent history. Attapon cheepsattayakorn, 1oth zonal tuberculosis and chest disease center, 143 sridornchai road.
Consequently, in 2010, a group of researchers recommended that the name ebola virus be adopted for a subclassification note 1 within the species zaire ebolavirus and that similar common names be formally adopted for. Ebola virus disease epidemic west africa, january 2015 early release january 30, 2015 64early release. Ebola what to do is an ebook, which tells the history of ebola and how to treat it along with recommendations. The terrifying true story of the origins of the ebola virus by richard preston, ebola. The west african ebola virus disease evd epidemic of 2014 to 2016 resulted in at least 28,616 cases and at least 11,310 deaths.
The ebola virus mutation rate is estimated to be about 96. By january 2016, suspected and confirmed cases had totaled more than 28,600, and reported deaths numbered about 11,300, making the outbreak significantly larger. During the medical emergency caused by the ebola virus outbreak in west africa, routine childhood vaccination programs have been suspended. In mid1976 an outbreak of hemorrhagic fever was reported in southern sudan and northern zaire. Despite a number of recorded ebov transmission events dating back approximately four to five decades, the current outbreak is not only devastating locally and regionally but also presents a real possibility of the global spread of this highly lethal disease. Marburgvirus infections ebola and marburg virus disease, ebola and marburg hemorrhagic fever, african hemorrhagic fever in africa. Cheepsattayakorn a, cheepsattayakorn r 2015 ebola virus disease. From origins to outbreak covers ebola virus disease in its entirety from its origins through major outbreaks in the past to the present day outbreak. If vaccination is not resumed soon, there could be even more deaths. Spread to nigeria and senegal, cdc teams help stop the outbreak. Ebola virus disease emerged in west africa in march of 2014.
Department of health and human services centers for disease control and prevention morbidity and mortality weekly report the ebola virus disease ebola outbreak in west africa. Early reports of ebola virus disease from guinea, cdc field team deployed. Airborne transmission of ebola virus has been hypothesized but not demonstrated in humans. Key messages ebola virus disease, west africa updated october 9, 2014 newly updated information is indicated in red the centers for disease control and prevention cdc is working with other u. Who ebola response team 2014 ebola virus disease in west africathe first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections. Ebola virus is a rare disease caused by one of five virus strains found in several african countries. The current outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa is showing the world that the work on communicable diseases is far from over and that the wellknown epidemiological transition from communicable diseases to noncommunicable diseases should be taken with a grain of salt in many countries. Ebola virus antigens and nucleic acids can be detected from day 3 to days 716 after the diseases onset. The natural and human history of a deadly virus by david quammen ebola.
As of november 14, 2014, the world health organization has reported a total of 21,296 ebola virus disease evd. Measles is highly infectious, and outbreaks are a sign of health care systems in trouble. Ebola, the killer virus article pdf available in infectious diseases of poverty 41. A significant unanswered question has arisen for the scientific and engineering communities, as well as the general public, surrounding ebola virus persistence in the environment and the. Analysis of the drivers for ebola virus spillover the present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as authors. During the ebola virus disease evd outbreak of 20142016 in west africa, practitioners faced challenges providing nutritional care for patients in ebola treatment units etus.
Multiorgan dysfunction occurs in severe forms with a mortality up to 90%. The epidemic of ebola virus dis ease evd in west africa has caused clinical ill. Ebola virus, ebola virus diseases, hemorrhagic fever, west africa ebola outbreak 1. Basically about ebola viruses the ebola viruses ebov are enveloped, non segmented, negativesense, singlestranded rna viruses, with size of genome approximately 19 kbp 2. The first cases were recorded in guinea in december 20. Cdc emergency operations center activated, cdc deployments surge. As the massive outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in west africa wanes, it has become increasingly clear that thousands of survivors have many sequelae, some of which might be very severe, such as arthritis and visionthreatening uveitis. May 29, 2015 ebola virus ebov belongs to the filoviridae family and is responsible for a severe disease characterized by the sudden onset of fever and malaise accompanied by other nonspecific signs and symptoms. Progression of ebola therapeutics during the 20142015. Case management in prior ebola virus outbreaks has generally focused on isolating patients with evd, infection prevention and control procedures, and various degrees of basic supportive care.
Ebola virus disease has a fatality rate of 50% to 90%. As a matter of fact, the ebola virus is transmitted to human beings from wild animals, and then spreads from humantohuman. It is now 64 days since symptom onset of the last reported confirmed case figure 6. In the absence of an approved treatment, experimental drugs were utilized under compassionate grounds hoping to diminish evdassociated morbidity and mortality. Pdf ebola virus disease, management, and prevention. Under these programs, employees may donate their vacation, sick, or personal leave in exchange for employer cash payments made before january 1, 2016, to qualified taxexempt organizations providing relief for the victims of the evd outbreak in. Possible sexual transmission of ebola virus liberia, 2015. Igm antibodies can appear 2 days after disease onset and disappear 30 to 168 days after. Zaire ebolavirus is the type species reference or example species for ebolavirus, has the highest mortality rate of the ebolaviruses, and is responsible for. August 2016 importance ebolaviruses and marburgviruses are incompletely understood pathogens that.
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